Quetiapine
Also called Seroquel, Norsic, Co-Quetiapine
Part of the metabolic pathway of Quetiapine. See the timeline on the metabolic highway.
Enzymes that break it down: CYP3A4. Wikipedia’s drug infobox says: “Liver via CYP3A4-catalysed sulfoxidation to its active metabolite norquetiapine (N-desalkylquetiapine)” (revision 1372676814).
Dosage
Oral bands as drawn from PsychonautWiki's ranges below. The table is the source of truth.
When sources disagree, both rows are shown as published. Nothing is averaged or merged.
Oral
| Source | Threshold | Light | Common | Strong | Heavy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PsychonautWiki | 10 mg PW | 25–50 mg PW | 50–150 mg PW | 150–300 mg PW | 300 mg+ PW |
| TripSit | – | 25 mg-50 mg TS | 50 mg-150 mg TS | 150 mg-300 mg TS | 300 mg-800 mg TS |
Bioavailability: 100% - 100% PW
TripSit dose text
TripSit's factsheet also states its doses as text.
Oral Light: 25mg-50mg Common: 50mg-150mg Strong: 150mg-300mg Heavy: 300mg-800mg TS
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Duration
Oral, drawn at the midpoint of each PsychonautWiki range.
| Route · source | Onset | Come-up | Peak | Offset | Total | After-effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral · PsychonautWiki | 20–40 minutes PW | – | 1.5–6 hours PW | 6–7 hours PW | 8–24 hours PW | 24–48 hours PW |
TripSit factsheet
Mixing
Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.
Backed by medical journals
Other documented combinations
- Dangerous Depressants (1,4-Butanediol, 2M2B, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination potentiates the muscle relaxation, amnesia, sedation, and respiratory depression caused by one another. At higher doses, it can lead to a sudden, unexpected loss of consciousness along with a dangerous amount of depressed respiration. There is also an increased risk of suffocating on one's vomit while unconscious. If nausea or vomiting occurs before a loss of consciousness, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it. PW
- Uncertain Stimulants - It can be dangerous to combine depressants with stimulants due to the risk of accidental excessive intoxication. Stimulants mask the sedative effect of depressants, which is the main factor most people use to gauge their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant effects wear off, the effects of the depressant will significantly increase, leading to intensified disinhibition, motor control loss, and dangerous black-out states. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if one's fluid intake is not closely monitored. If choosing to combine these substances, one should strictly limit themselves to a pre-set schedule of dosing only a certain amount per hour until a maximum threshold has been reached. PW
- Uncertain Dissociatives - This combination can unpredictably potentiate the amnesia, sedation, motor control loss and delusions that can be caused by each other. It may also result in a sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by a dangerous degree of respiratory depression. If nausea or vomiting occurs before consciousness is lost, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it. PW
Risks and toxicity
Quetiapine likely has a low toxicity relative to dose. Although simply trying this substance at a low to moderate dosage is considered as quite safe, there is an emerging controversy regarding quetiapine fatalities. Approximately 10,000 lawsuits against AstraZeneca for problems ranging from slurred speech and chronic insomnia to death have been filed by individuals from civilian populations.[10–13] PW
Both typical and atypical antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia. According to one study, rates are lower with the atypicals at 3.9% as opposed to the typicals at 5.5%. Although quetiapine and clozapine are atypical antipsychotics, switching to these atypicals is an option to minimize symptoms of tardive dyskinesia caused by other atypicals.[14]
Weight gain can be a problem for some, with quetiapine causing more weight gain than other more commonly used antipsychotics.[16] PW
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug. PW
Lethal dosage
Compared to other antipsychotics, quetiapine has been reported to be relatively safer in overdose. Most instances of acute overdoses result only in sedation, hypotension and tachycardia, but cardiac arrythmia, coma and death have occurred in adults. Quetiapine concentrations within the patients' blood are usually in the 1–10 mg/L range in overdose survivors, while postmortem blood levels of 10–25 mg/L are generally observed in fatal cases.[17]
Tolerance and addiction potential
Quitiapine is moderately physically and psychologically addictive. PW
Tolerance will develop to the antipsychotic effects and within a week of continuous use. The tolerance to the amount of sedation will be the most noticeable. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in 7 - 14 days. Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction. PW
The addictive qualities of quetiapine have not been formally studied and are largely known through anecdotal sources. For example, a letter to the editor that appeared in the January 2007 American Journal of Psychiatry has proposed a “need for additional studies to explore the addiction-potential of quetiapine”. The letter reports that its authors are physicians who work in the Ohio correctional system. They report that “prisoners have threatened legal action and even suicide when presented with discontinuation of quetiapine” and that they have “not seen similar drug-seeking behavior with other second-generation antipsychotics of comparable efficacy”. PW
Withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms reported to occur after discontinuation of quetiapine and other antipsychotics include nausea, emesis, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, dyskinesia, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, headache, excessive non-stop crying, and anxiety. According to Eli Lilly internal documents, discontinuation of atypical neuroleptics similar to seroquel can also cause psoriasis, gingivitis and other inflammatory conditions, dyspepsia, headache, high blood sugar and other health conditions unrelated to psychiatric condition.[19–22] PW
TripSit factsheet
- Adverse effects
- dizziness, fatigue, extrapyramidal symptoms, increased diastolic blood pressure, increased triglycerides, increased total cholesterol, increased appetite, constipation, dry mouth, headache, and somnolence TS
- Contraindications
- apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, carbamazepine, cimetidine, clarithromycin, dabrafenib, dopamine, erythromycin, idelalisib, itraconazole, ivacaftor, ketoconazole, levodopa, lisuride, mefloquine, methyldopa, nefazodone, ondansetron, panobinostat, pramipexole, rifabutin, rifampin, ropinirole, sodium oxybate, st. john's wort, vilanterol, and vemurafenib TS
- Overdose symptoms
- sedation, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, coma, and death TS
Testing
Effects
sedationdizzinessfatigueconstipationdry mouthheadacheappetite changeincreased blood pressure TS
Overview
Quetiapine (branded as Seroquel, Xeroquel, Ketipinor, Ketilept and Derin) is a short-acting atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and along with an antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. PW
An atypical antipsychotic medication under the brand name Seroquel. Also used to treat insomnia and mood swings. This drug is very sedating and can stop/slow down psychedelic drug trips. Infrequently abused. TS
Quetiapine (/kwᵻˈtaɪ.əpiːn/), sold under the brand name Seroquel among others, is a medication of the atypical antipsychotic class. It is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Quetiapine is also widely prescribed off-label as a sleep aid for its tranquillizing effects. Some have raised concerns that the undesirable side effects from off-label use may outweigh its benefits, though this remains an active area of research. It is taken orally.[1]
Common side effects include sedation, fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and dry mouth. Other side effects include low blood pressure with standing, seizures, high blood sugar, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In older people with dementia, its use increases the risk of death. Use in the third trimester of pregnancy may result in a movement disorder in the baby for some time after birth. Quetiapine is believed to work by blocking a number of receptors, including those for serotonin and dopamine.[1] WP
Quetiapine was developed in 1985 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. It is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the most prescribed antipsychotic and 60th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10 million prescriptions. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[1]
The drug is typically among two antipsychotics (the other being olanzapine) to have superior efficacy for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Quetiapine is one of only two antipsychotics (the other is cariprazine) that produce equal efficacy as standalone therapies for mixed manic-depressive mood swings as they do in combination with an SSRI antidepressant. However, it is less potent than clozapine, amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone, and paliperidone in alleviating psychotic symptoms or treating schizophrenia. WP
History
Sustained-release
AstraZeneca submitted a new drug application for a sustained-release version of quetiapine in the United States, Canada, and the European Union in the second half of 2006 for treatment of schizophrenia.[23]
In May 2007, the United States FDA approved Seroquel XR for acute treatment of schizophrenia. During its 2007 Q2 earnings conference, AstraZeneca announced plans to launch Seroquel XR in the United States in August 2007. However, Seroquel XR has become available in American pharmacies only after the FDA approved Seroquel XR for use as maintenance treatment for schizophrenia, in addition to acute treatment of the illness, on 16 November 2007. The company has not provided a reason for the delay of Seroquel XR's launch.[25]
Health Canada approved sale of Seroquel XR on 27 September 2007.[28] WP
In October 2008, the FDA approved Seroquel XR for the treatment of bipolar disorder, including its associated depression and manic episodes. WP
In December 2008, Biovail announced that the FDA had accepted the company's ANDA to market its own version of sustained-release quetiapine. Biovail's sustained-release tablets will compete with AstraZeneca's Seroquel XR.[29] WP
In December 2008, AstraZeneca notified shareholders that the FDA had asked for additional information on the company's application to expand the use of sustained-release quetiapine for treatment of depression.[30] WP
Legal status
- Austria: It is available by prescription only and unscheduled. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- France: It is available by prescription only and unscheduled. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Germany: Quetiapine is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.[31] PW
- Switzerland: Quetiapine is listed as a "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceutical, which requires a prescription. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- United Kingdom: Available by prescription only - unscheduled, but unpopular. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- United States: Quetiapine (Seroquel) is unscheduled in the United States, but is available by prescription only. This means that sales and distribution are allowed only by those with a license and only to those with a prescription (according to FDA regulations). Possession is not illegal even without a prescription. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Australia: Prescription Only (S4) | United Kingdom: POM | United States: ?-only TS
Regulatory status
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia and of acute manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder (bipolar mania) and for treatment of bipolar depression. In 2009, quetiapine XR was approved as adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder.[32]
Quetiapine received its initial approval from the US FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia in 1997. In 2004, it received its second indication for the treatment of mania-associated bipolar disorder. In 2007 and 2008, studies were conducted on quetiapine's efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder and major depression.[4]
Patent protection for the product ended in 2012; however, in a number of regions, the long-acting version remained under patent until 2017.[36] WP
Lawsuits
In April 2010, the United States Department of Justice fined AstraZeneca $520 million for the company's aggressive marketing of Seroquel for off-label uses. According to the Department of Justice, "the company recruited doctors to serve as authors of articles that were ghostwritten by medical literature companies and about studies the doctors in question did not conduct. AstraZeneca then used those studies and articles as the basis for promotional messages about unapproved uses of Seroquel."[32] WP
Multiple lawsuits have been filed in relation to quetiapine's side-effects, in particular, diabetes.[37–40] WP
Approximately 10,000 lawsuits have been filed against AstraZeneca, alleging that quetiapine caused problems ranging from slurred speech and chronic insomnia to deaths.[41]
Controversy
In 2004, a young man named Dan Markingson committed suicide in a controversial Seroquel clinical trial at the University of Minnesota while under an involuntary commitment order. A group of University of Minnesota bioethicists charged that the trial involved an alarming number of ethical violations.[43]
Nurofen plus tampering case
In August 2011, the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) issued a class-4 drug alert following reports that some batches of Nurofen Plus contained Seroquel XL tablets instead.[45] WP
Following the issue of the Class-4 Drug Alert, Reckitt Benckiser (UK) Ltd received further reports of rogue blister strips in cartons of two additional batches of Nurofen Plus tablets. One of the new batches contained Seroquel XL 50 mg tablets and one contained the Pfizer product Neurontin 100 mg capsules. WP
Following discussions with the MHRA's Defective Medicines Report Centre (DMRC), Reckitt Benckiser (UK) Ltd decided to recall all remaining unexpired stock of Nurofen Plus tablets in any pack size, leading to a Class-1 Drug Alert. The contamination was later traced to in-store tampering by a customer.[46]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Quetiapine has the following pharmacological actions:[4]
- Dopamine D₁, D₂, D₃, D₄, and D₅ receptor antagonist[4]
[48] [51–56] WP - Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT₃, 5-HT₆, and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, and 5-HT1F receptor ligand[4]
[48] [51–56] WP - α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist[4]
[48] [51–56] WP - Histamine H₁ receptor antagonist[4]
[48] [51–56] WP - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist[4]
[48] [51–56] WP
This means quetiapine is a dopamine, serotonin, and adrenergic antagonist, and a potent antihistamine with some anticholinergic properties. Quetiapine binds strongly to serotonin receptors; the drug acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors and as an antagonist to all other serotonin receptors it has affinity for. Serial PET scans evaluating the D₂ receptor occupancy of quetiapine have demonstrated that quetiapine very rapidly disassociates from the D₂ receptor. Theoretically, this allows for normal physiological surges of dopamine to elicit normal effects in areas such as the nigrostriatal and tuberoinfundibular pathways, thus minimizing the risk of side-effects such as pseudo-parkinsonism as well as elevations in prolactin. Some of the antagonized receptors (serotonin, norepinephrine) are actually autoreceptors whose blockade tends to increase the release of neurotransmitters.[57–60] WP
At very low doses, quetiapine acts primarily as a histamine receptor blocker (antihistamine) and α₁-adrenergic blocker. When the dose is increased, quetiapine activates the adrenergic system and binds strongly to serotonin receptors and autoreceptors. At high doses, quetiapine starts blocking significant amounts of dopamine receptors. Due to the drug's sedating H₁ activity, it is often prescribed at low doses for insomnia. While some feel that low doses of drugs with antihistamine effects like quetiapine and mirtazapine are safer than drugs associated with physical dependency or other risk factors, concern has been raised by some professionals that off-label prescribing has become too widespread due to underappreciated hazards.[52]
When treating schizophrenia, antagonism of D₂ receptor by quetiapine in the mesolimbic pathway relieves positive symptoms and antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor in the frontal cortex of the brain may relieve negative symptoms and reduce severity of psychotic episodes. Quetiapine has fewer extrapyramidal side effects and is less likely to cause hyperprolactinemia when compared to other drugs used to treat schizophrenia, so is used as a first line treatment.[63–67] WP
Since the noradrenaline transporter is responsible for most of the dopamine clearance in the prefrontal cortex, norquetiapine blocks reuptake of dopamine too, accumulating the dopamine in the synapse.[68] WP
Pharmacokinetics
Peak levels of quetiapine occur 1.5 hours after a dose. The plasma protein binding of quetiapine is 83%. The major active metabolite of quetiapine is norquetiapine (N-desalkylquetiapine). Quetiapine has an elimination half-life of 6 or 7 hours. Its metabolite, norquetiapine, has a half-life of 9 to 12 hours. Quetiapine is excreted primarily via the kidneys (73%) and in feces (20%) after hepatic metabolism, the remainder (1%) is excreted as the drug in its unmetabolized form.[22]
Receptor binding · Wikipedia
Quetiapine (and metabolite)
| Site | QTP (Quetiapine) | NQTP (Norquetiapine) | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| SERT (Serotonin transporter) | >10,000 | 927 | Blocker WP |
| NET (Norepinephrine transporter) | >10,000 | 58 | Blocker WP |
| DAT (Dopamine transporter) | >10,000 | >10,000 | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT1A | 320–432 | 45 | Partial agonist WP |
| 5-HT1B | 1,109–2,050 | 1,117 | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT1D | >10,000 | 249 | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT1E | 1,250–2,402 | 97 | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT1F | 2,240 | ND (No data) | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT2A | 96–101 | 48 | Antagonist WP |
| 5-HT2B | ND (No data) | 14 | Antagonist WP |
| 5-HT2C | 2,502 | 107 | Antagonist WP |
| 5-HT₃ | >10,000 | 394 | Antagonist WP |
| 5-HT₄ | ND (No data) | ND (No data) | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT5A | 3,120 | 768 | ND (No data) WP |
| 5-HT₆ | 1,865 | 503 | Antagonist WP |
| 5-HT₇ | 307 | 76 | Antagonist WP |
| α1A | 22 | 144 | Antagonist WP |
| α1B | 39 | 95 | Antagonist WP |
| α2A | 2,230–3,630 | 237 | Antagonist WP |
| α2B | 90–747 | 378 | Antagonist WP |
| α2C | 28.7–350 | 736 | Antagonist WP |
| β₁ | >10,000 | >10,000 | ND (No data) WP |
| β₂ | >10,000 | >10,000 | ND (No data) WP |
| D₁ | 712 | 214 | Antagonist WP |
| D₂ | 245 | 196 | Antagonist WP |
| D2L | 700 | ND (No data) | Antagonist WP |
| D2S | 390 | ND (No data) | Antagonist WP |
| D₃ | 340–483 | 567 | Antagonist WP |
| D₄ | 1,202 | 1,297 | Antagonist WP |
| D4.2 | 1,600 | ND (No data) | Antagonist WP |
| D₅ | 1,738 | 1,419 | Antagonist WP |
| H₁ | 2.2–11 | 3.5 | Antagonist WP |
| H₂ | >10,000 | 298 | Antagonist WP |
| H₃ | >10,000 | >10,000 | ND (No data) WP |
| H₄ | >10,000 | 1,660 | ND (No data) WP |
| M₁ | 858 | 39 | Antagonist WP |
| M₂ | 1,339 | 453 | ND (No data) WP |
| M₃ | >10,000 | 23 | Antagonist WP |
| M₄ | 542 | 110 | ND (No data) WP |
| M₅ | 1,942 | 23 | Antagonist WP |
| σ₁ | 220–3,651 | >10,000 | ND (No data) WP |
| σ₂ | 1,344 | 1,050 | ND (No data) WP |
| NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor) (PCP (Phencyclidine site)) | >10,000 | ND (No data) | Antagonist WP |
| VDCC (Voltage-dependent calcium channel) | >10,000 | ND (No data) | ND (No data) WP |
| hERG (Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene) | ND (No data) | >10,000 (IC₅₀ (Half-maximal inhibitory concentration)) | ND (No data) WP |
Chemistry
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References
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