Temazepam
Also called Restoril, Normison, Hydroxydiazepam, Methyloxazepam, Oxydiazepam
Part of the metabolic pathway of Diazepam, Camazepam and Temazepam. See the timeline on the metabolic highway.
Dosage
Oral bands as drawn from PsychonautWiki's ranges below. The table is the source of truth.
When sources disagree, both rows are shown as published. Nothing is averaged or merged.
Oral
| Source | Threshold | Light | Common | Strong | Heavy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PsychonautWiki | 2 mg PW | 5–10 mg PW | 10–30 mg PW | 30–40 mg PW | 40 mg+[6] PW |
| TripSit | – | 5–10 mg TS | 10–20 mg TS | 20–40 mg+ TS | – |
TripSit dose text
TripSit's factsheet also states its doses as text.
Oral Light: 5-10mg's Common: 10-20mg Strong: 20-40mg+ TS
What dose are you on? (self-reported, unverified)
No reports yet.
Reports are anonymous, one per browser per day per route. Counts under 20 are shown but marked as too few to mean anything. Until accounts launch, reports stay in this browser only.
Duration
| Route · source | Onset | Come-up | Peak | Offset | Total | After-effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral · PsychonautWiki | 30–60 minutes[6] PW | – | – | – | 7–8 hours[6] PW | 3.5–18.4 hours[1] PW |
TripSit factsheet
Mixing
For best safety practice, don't mix this drug with other depressants.
Why: respiratory depression. PsychonautWiki says:
- “Respiratory depression (also known as hypoventilation) can be described as a reduced urge to breathe that can be fatal depending on its intensity.” (PsychonautWiki, Respiratory depression, revision 150612)
- “... otherwise safe dosages of these compounds can become fatal when combined with even small amounts of other classes of depressant. For example, benzodiazepines combined with opioids are an extremely common cause of fatal respiratory depression. It is therefore strongly discouraged to combine these depressants at any dosage range.” (PsychonautWiki, Respiratory depression, revision 150612)
- “The most common cause of substance-related deaths is the combination of depressants (such as opiates, benzodiazepines, or alcohol) with other depressants.” (PsychonautWiki, Responsible drug use, revision 168206)
- “This combination potentiates the muscle relaxation, amnesia, sedation, and respiratory depression caused by one another. At higher doses, it can lead to a sudden, unexpected loss of consciousness along with a dangerous amount of depressed respiration.” (PsychonautWiki, dangerous interactions table, "Depressants" row, revision 156847)
Quotes from PsychonautWiki, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.
Backed by medical journals
Other documented combinations
- Depressants (1,4-Butanediol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, alcohol, barbiturates, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of respiratory depression. These substances potentiate the muscle relaxation, sedation and amnesia caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.
- Dissociatives - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.
- Stimulants - It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as other effects. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.
TripSit combination chart
TripSit rates each pairing. Only pairings with a number carry a citation from TripSit. See the whole chart; TripSit's own notes are on combo.tripsit.me.
Caution
Risks and toxicity
Temazepam had the highest rate of drug intoxication, including overdose, among common benzodiazepines in cases with and without combination with alcohol in a 1985 study. Temazepam and nitrazepam were the two benzodiazepines most commonly detected in overdose-related deaths in an Australian study of drug deaths. A 1993 British study found temazepam to have the highest number of deaths per million prescriptions among medications commonly prescribed in the 1980s (11.9, versus 5.9 for benzodiazepines overall, taken with or without alcohol). Temazepam has a fatal toxicity index (FTI) that is higher than some tricyclic antidepressants, and has also caused overdose and death without combining it with other CNS depressants, which is almost unheard of amongst the benzodiazepine class of drugs.[13]
Another 1995 Australian study of patients admitted to hospital after benzodiazepine overdose corroborated these results, and found temazepam overdose much more likely to lead to coma than other benzodiazepines (odds ratio 1.86). The authors noted several factors, such as differences in potency, receptor affinity, and rate of absorption between benzodiazepines, could explain this higher toxicity. Although benzodiazepines have a high therapeutic index, temazepam is one of the more dangerous of this class of drugs. The combination of alcohol or opioids and temazepam makes death by alcohol poisoning more likely. PW
Still, temazepam has a low toxicity relative to dose. However, it is potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or opioids.[2] PW
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substances. These include volumetric liquid dosing. PW
Dependence and abuse potential
Temazepam is extremely physically and psychologically addictive. Temazepam is considered to be significantly more addictive than other benzodiazepines. PW
Tolerance will develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects within a couple of days of continuous use. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in 7-14 days. However, in certain cases this may take significantly longer in a manner which is proportional to the duration and intensity of one's long-term usage.[16] PW
Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction. For more information on tapering from benzodiazepines in a controlled manner, please see this guide.[17]
Benzodiazepine discontinuation is notoriously difficult; it is potentially life-threatening for individuals using regularly to discontinue use without tapering their dose over a period of weeks. There is an increased risk of hypertension, seizures, and death. Drugs which lower the seizure threshold such as tramadol should be avoided during withdrawal.[19] PW
Temazepam presents cross-tolerance with all benzodiazepines, meaning that after its consumption all benzodiazepines will have a reduced effect. Temazepam also has cross-tolerance with all barbiturates, meaning that after consumption, all barbiturates will have a diminished effect. PW
Overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose may occur when a benzodiazepine is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as barbiturates and alcohol since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABAA receptor, thus their effects potentiate one another. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABAA receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer. Benzodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly.[20] PW
Symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include severe thought deceleration, slurred speech, confusion, delusions, respiratory depression, coma or death. Benzodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. Benzodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with flumazenil, a GABAA antagonist, however care is primarily supportive in nature.[21] PW
Dangerous interactions
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. PW
TripSit factsheet
Testing
Effects
Overview
Temazepam (trade name Restoril) is a short-acting psychoactive substance of the benzodiazepine class which produces anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, and amnesic effects. Temazepam, like other benzodiazepines, binds to specific sites on the GABAA gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor.[1]
Temazepam's brand name is Restoril. It is a hypnotic benzodiazepine with effects similar to clonazepam, frequently prescribed as a sleep aid. Some users report mild euphoria alongside the hypnotic effects.[3] TS
Temazepam, sold under the brand name Restoril among others, is a medication of the benzodiazepine class which is generally used to treat severe or debilitating insomnia. It is taken by mouth. Temazepam is rapidly absorbed, and significant hypnotic and anxiolytic effects begin in less than 30 minutes and can last for up to eight hours. Prescriptions for hypnotics like temazepam have seen a dramatic decrease since 2010, while anxiolytics, such as alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam, have increased or remained stable. Temazepam and similar hypnotics, such as triazolam (Halcion), are generally reserved for severe and debilitating insomnia. They have largely been replaced by z-drugs (zopiclone, zolpidem) and atypical antidepressants (trazodone, mirtazapine) as first line treatment for insomnia.[4–7] WP
Common side effects include drowsiness, motor and cognitive impairment, lethargy, confusion, euphoria, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include hallucinations, hypotension, respiratory depression, and anaphylaxis. It may lead to addiction, and it has a potential for abuse. Use is generally not recommended together with alcohol or opioids. If the dose is rapidly decreased withdrawal may occur. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended. Temazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and hypnotic. It works by affecting GABA within the brain.[4]
Temazepam was patented in 1962 and came into medical use in 1969. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 208th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.[9–12] WP
History
History
Temazepam was synthesized in 1964, but it came into use in 1981 when its ability to counter insomnia was realized. By the late 1980s, temazepam was one of the most popular and widely prescribed hypnotics on the market and it became one of the most widely prescribed drugs.[22] WP⚠ Wikipedia itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
Legal status
- Internationally, Temazepam is included under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule IV substance.[23] PW
- Australia: Temazepam is listed in Schedule 4, making it a prescription only medicine. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Austria: Temazepam is legal for medical use under the AMG (Arzneimittelgesetz Österreich) and illegal when sold or possessed without a prescription under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Canada: Temazepam is listed on the CSDA in Schedule IV. It requires a prescription.[24] PW
- Germany: Temazepam is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule III) as of August 1, 1986. It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form, except preparations which contain up to 20 mg temazepam in each dosage form.[25]
[26] PW - Hong Kong: Temazepam is listed in Schedule 1. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Ireland: Temazepam is listed in Schedule 3 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 as of November 22, 1993.[27] PW
- The Netherlands: In the Netherlands, temazepam is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law and is available with a prescription. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Portugal: Temazepam is a Schedule IV controlled substance.[28] PW
- Russia: Temazepam is a Schedule III controlled substance since 2013.[29] PW
- South Africa: Temazepam is a Schedule 5 controlled substance. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Sweden: Temazepam is a prescription drug in List IV (Schedule 4) under the Narcotics Drugs Act (1968).[30] PW
- Switzerland: Temazepam is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis B. Medicinal use is permitted.[31] PW
- Thailand: Temazepam is listed in Schedule II of the Psychotropic Substances Act. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- United Kingdom: Temazepam is a Class C controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Medical professions must follow specific instructions for the prescribing and disposal of temazepam.[32] PW
- United States: Temazepam is a prescription medication assigned to Schedule IV of the Controlled Substances Act by the DEA. Many states in the United States require that individuals have specially encoded prescriptions for temazepam.[33] PW
Street terms
Street terms for temazepam include king kong pills (formerly referred to barbiturates, now more commonly refers to temazepam), jellies, jelly, Edinburgh eccies, tams, terms, mazzies, temazies, tammies, temmies, beans, eggs, green eggs, wobbly eggs, knockouts, hardball, norries, oranges (common term in Australia and New Zealand), rugby balls, ruggers, terminators, red and blue, no-gos, num nums, blackout, green devils, drunk pills, brainwash, mind erasers, neurotrashers, tem-tems (combined with buprenorphine), mommy's big helper, vitamin T, big T, TZ, the mazepam, resties (North America) and others.[34]
Legal status
In Austria, temazepam is listed in UN71 Schedule III under the Psychotropic Substances Decree of 1997. The drug is considered to have a high potential for abuse and addiction, but has accepted medical use for the treatment of severe insomnia.[36] WP
In Australia, temazepam is a Schedule 4 - Prescription Only medicine. It is primarily used for the treatment of insomnia, and is also seen as pre-anaesthetic medication.[7]
In Canada, temazepam is a Schedule IV controlled substance requiring a registered doctor's prescription.[38] WP
In Denmark, temazepam is listed as a Class D substance under the Executive Order 698 of 1993 on Euphoric Substances which means it has a high potential for abuse, but is used for medical and scientific purposes.[36] WP
In Finland, temazepam is more tightly controlled than other benzodiazepines. The temazepam product Normison was pulled out of shelves and banned because the liquid inside gelatin capsules had caused a large increase in intravenous temazepam use. The other temazepam product, Tenox, was not affected and remains as prescription medicine. Temazepam intravenous use has not decreased to the level before Normison came to the market.[36] WP
In France, temazepam is listed as a psychotropic substance as are other similar drugs. It is prescribed with a nonrenewable prescription (a new doctor visit every time), available only in 7 or 14-pill packaging for one or two weeks. One brand was withdrawn from the market in 2013 due to rampant abuse.[36]
In Hong Kong, temazepam is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. Temazepam can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined HKD$10,000. The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000-fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000-fine and/or seven years of jail time.[40] WP
In Ireland, temazepam is a Schedule 3 controlled substance with strict restrictions.[41] WP
In the Netherlands, temazepam is available for prescription as 10- or 20-mg tablets and capsules. Formulations of temazepam containing less than 20 mg are included in List 2 of the Opium Law, while formulations containing 20 mg or more of the drug (along with the gel-capsules) are a List 1 substance of the Opium Law, thus subject to more stringent regulation. Besides being used for insomnia, it is also occasionally used as a preanesthetic medication.[36] WP
In Norway, temazepam is not available as a prescription drug. It is regulated as a Class A substance under Norway's Narcotics Act.[36] WP
In Portugal, temazepam is a Schedule IV controlled drug under Decree-Law 15/93.[28] WP
In Slovenia, it is regulated as a Group II (Schedule 2) controlled substance under the Production and Trade in Illicit Drugs Act.[36] WP
In South Africa, temazepam is a Schedule 5 drug, requiring a special prescription, and is restricted to 10– to 30-mg doses.[42] WP
In Sweden, temazepam is classed as a "narcotic" drug listed as both a List II (Schedule II) which denotes it is a drug with limited medicinal use and a high risk of addiction, and is also listed as a List V (Schedule V) substance which denotes the drug is prohibited in Sweden under the Narcotics Drugs Act (1968). Temazepam is banned in Sweden and possession and distribution of even small amounts is punishable by a prison sentence and a fine. Temazepam found in Sweden is usually trafficked from Finland.[36]
In Switzerland, temazepam is a Class B controlled substance, like all other benzodiazepines. This means it is a prescription-only drug.[44] WP
In the United Kingdom, temazepam is a Class C controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Schedule 3 under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001). If prescribed privately (not on the NHS), temazepam is available only by a special controlled drug prescription form (FP10PCD) and pharmacies are obligated to follow special procedures for storage and dispensing.[45]
In the United States, Temazepam is a Schedule IV drug under the international Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 and is only available by prescription.[48] WP
Brand names
Temazepam is available in English-speaking countries under the brand names Euhypnos, Normison, Norkotral, Nortem, Remestan, Restoril, Temaze, and Temtabs. WP
In Hungary the drug is sold as Signopam. WP
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
The main pharmacological action of temazepam is to increase the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor. This causes sedation, motor impairment, ataxia, anxiolysis, anticonvulsant effects, muscle relaxation, and a reinforcing effect.[49] WP
As a medication before surgery, temazepam decreased cortisol in elderly patients. In rats, it triggered the release of vasopressin into paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and decreased the release of ACTH under stress.[50]
Pharmacokinetics
Oral administration of 15 to 45 mg of temazepam in humans resulted in rapid absorption with significant blood levels achieved in fewer than 30 minutes and peak levels at two to three hours.[5] WP
In a single- and multiple-dose absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study, using tritium-labelled drug, temazepam was well absorbed and found to have minimal (8%) first-pass drug metabolism. No active metabolites were formed and the only significant metabolite present in blood was the O-conjugate. The unchanged drug was 96% bound to plasma proteins. The blood-level decline of the parent drug was biphasic, with the short half-life ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 hours and the terminal half-life from 3.5 to 18.4 hours (mean 8.8 hours), depending on the study population and method of determination.[1] WP
Temazepam has very good bioavailability, with almost 100% being absorbed following being taken by mouth. The drug is metabolized through conjugation and demethylation prior to excretion. Most of the drug is excreted in the urine, with about 20% appearing in the faeces. The major metabolite was the O-conjugate of temazepam (90%); the O-conjugate of N-desmethyl temazepam was a minor metabolite (7%).[52] WP
Chemistry
User reports
Erowid erowid.org
ListingsBluelight bluelight.org
ListingsReddit reddit.com
ListingsPop culture
No references added yet.
Add a reference
Registered users can add songs, films, books, shows, games and art about this substance. Link a source that names the substance, such as the work's Wikipedia article, a review or an interview, not only the work itself. Entries are voted on and moderated like every other value on this page.
Opens when accounts launch.
References
- Journal / agency Müller FO, Van Dyk M, Hundt HK, etal. Pharmacokinetics of temazepam after day-time and night-time oral administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1987. doi:10.1007/BF00544571 · PMID 2891534
- Journal / agency Mandrioli, R., Mercolini, L., Raggi, M. A. Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective. Current Drug Metabolism. October 2008. doi:10.2174/138920008786049258
- Journal / agency Alcohol and benzodiazepines in fatal poisonings
- Other Temazepam Monograph for Professionals
- Other RESTORIL® Novartis Temazepam Hypnotic
- Other Collins SR. Pharmacology and the Nursing Process. 2015
- Journal / agency Breen CL, Degenhardt LJ, Bruno RB, Roxburgh AD, Jenkinson R. The effects of restricting publicly subsidised temazepam capsules on benzodiazepine use among injecting drug users in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia. September 2004. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06293.x · PMID 15377238
- Other Temazepam (Restoril) Use During Pregnancy
- Other Fischer J, Ganellin CR. Analogue-based Drug Discovery. 2006
- Other British national formulary: BNF 76. 2018
- Other The Top 300 of 2021
- Other Temazepam - Drug Usage Statistics
- Journal / agency Buckley N. A.; Dawson, A. H.; Whyte, I. M.; O'Connell, D. L. Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose. BMJ. 1995. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.219 · PMID 7866122 · PMC2548618
- Journal / agency Drummer OH. Sudden death and benzodiazepines. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. December 1996. doi:10.1097/00000433-199612000-00012 · PMID 8947361
- Journal / agency Serfaty M, Masterton G. Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s. Br J Psychiatry. 1993. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.3.386 · PMID 8104653
- Other Janicak, P. G., Marder, S. R., Pavuluri, M. N. Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy. 25 October 2010
- Journal / agency Verster, J. C., Volkerts, E. R. Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Behavioral Toxicity of Alprazolam: A Review of the Literature. CNS Drug Reviews. 7 June 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x
- Other Galanter, M., Kleber, H. D. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008
- Journal / agency Lann, M. A., Molina, D. K. A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. June 2009. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181875aa0
- Journal / agency Twyman, R. E., Rogers, C. J., Macdonald, R. L. Differential regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital. Annals of Neurology. March 1989. doi:10.1002/ana.410250302
- Journal / agency Hoffman, E. J., Warren, E. W. Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist. Clinical Pharmacy. September 1993
- Journal / agency Maggini C, Murri M, Sacchetti G. Evaluation of the effectiveness of temazepam on the insomnia of patients with neurosis and endogenous depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. October 1969. PMID 4311716
- Other List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control
- Other Controlled Drugs and Substances Act - SCHEDULE IV
- Other Anlage III BtMG
- Other Zweite Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften
- Other S.I. No. 342/1993 - Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations, 1993
- Other Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, de 22 de Janeiro
- Other Постановление Правительства РФ от 04.02.2013 N 78 “О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации” - КонсультантПлюс
- Other Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika" [Medical Products Agency on the lists of drugs]
- Other Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien
- Other Participation, E. Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
- Other DEA, Drug Scheduling
- Other DAN 24/7: Temazepam
- Harm reduction site Erowid Drug Street Terms
- Harm reduction site Classification of controlled drugs
- Other Poisons Standard 2015. 5 February 2015
- Other Controlled Drugs and Substance Act - Schedule IV
- Other NORMISON - EurekaSanté par VIDAL
- Other Bilingual Laws Information System
- Other Misuse Of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations. 1993
- Other Temazepam | Health24
- Other Narkotiska läkemedel - Läkemedelsverket / Swedish Medical Products Agency
- Other Verzeichnis aller zugelassenen betäubungsmittelhaltigen Präparate im Schweizer Handel Indice de tous les stupéfiants autorisés sur le marché suisse Stand/Etat 01.07.2011
- Other Blackpool NHS Primary Care Trust. Medicines Management Update. 2007
- Other List of drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation. 28 January 2009
- Other Controlled Drugs. Information about Controlled Drugs. Patient
- Other Green List—List of psychotropic substances under international control. May 2010
- Journal / agency Oelschläger H. Chemical and pharmacologic aspects of benzodiazepines. Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis = Revue Suisse de Médecine Praxis. July 1989. PMID 2570451
- Journal / agency Salonen M, Kanto J, Hovi-Viander M, Irjala K, Viinamäki O. Oral temazepam as a premedicant in elderly general surgical patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. November 1986. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1986.tb02503.x · PMID 2880447
- Journal / agency Welt T, Engelmann M, Renner U, Erhardt A, Müller MB, Landgraf R, Holsboer F, Keck ME. Temazepam triggers the release of vasopressin into the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: novel insight into benzodiazepine action on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system activity during stress. Neuropsychopharmacology. December 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301006 · PMID 16395302
- Journal / agency Schwarz HJ. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of temazepam in man and several animal species. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1 August 1979. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00451.x · PMID 41539 · PMC1429628
Text and values on this page are quoted from PsychonautWiki (CC BY-SA 4.0), Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0), TripSit factsheets, PubChem (public domain). Each value links to the exact revision it came from.