Tyramine
Also called Uteramine, Tocosine, 4-Hydroxyphenethylamine
Enzymes that break it down: CYP2D6, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), MAO-A and MAO-B. Wikipedia’s drug infobox says: “CYP2D6, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, monoamine oxidase A, monoamine oxidase B, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, others” (revision 1375956726).
Overview
Tyramine (/ˈtaɪrəmiːn/) (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, resulting in only non-psychoactive peripheral sympathomimetic effects following ingestion. A hypertensive crisis can result, however, from ingestion of tyramine-rich foods in conjunction with the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).[1]
Drug class
Sympathomimetic Trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent Monoaminergic activity enhancer WP
From the Wikipedia article's infobox.
Legal status
United states
Tyramine is a Schedule I controlled substance, categorized as a hallucinogen, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in the state of Florida without a license at any purity level or any form whatsoever. The language in the Florida statute says tyramine is illegal in "any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of [tyramine] or that contains any of [its] salts, isomers, including optical, positional, or geometric isomers, and salts of isomers, if the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation."[3] WP
This ban is likely the product of lawmakers overly eager to ban substituted phenethylamines, which tyramine is, in the mistaken assumption that ring-substituted phenethylamines are hallucinogenic drugs like the 2C series of psychedelic substituted phenethylamines. The further banning of tyramine's optical isomers, positional isomers, or geometric isomers, and salts of isomers where they exist, means that meta-tyramine and phenylethanolamine, a substance found in every living human body, and other common, non-hallucinogenic substances are also illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Florida. Given that tyramine occurs naturally in many foods and drinks (most commonly as a by-product of bacterial fermentation), e.g. wine, cheese, and chocolate, Florida's total ban on the substance may prove difficult to enforce.[3]
Chemistry
Harm reduction information
No harm reduction data is on file for this compound yet. That means no dose, timing or combination data from PsychonautWiki or TripSit. Please don't guess a dose from similar compounds. If you have taken it and feel unwell, contact emergency services or a poison control center.
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Sources
- Other Synonyms and alternative names include: 4-hydroxyphenethylamine, para-tyramine, mydrial, and uteramin; the latter two names are not commonly used. The IUPAC name is 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol
- Journal / agency tyramine | C8H11NO
- Other Statutes & Constitution:View Statutes: Online Sunshine
- Journal / agency Suzzi G, Torriani S. Editorial: Biogenic amines in foods. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015-05-18. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00472 · PMID 26042107 · PMC4435245
Text and values on this page are quoted from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0), PubChem (public domain). Each value links to the exact revision it came from.