Oxiracetam
Also called GNF-PF-1005, Hydroxypiracetam, Oriest
Dosage
Oral bands as drawn from PsychonautWiki's ranges below. The table is the source of truth.
When sources disagree, both rows are shown as published. Nothing is averaged or merged.
Oral
| Source | Threshold | Light | Common | Strong | Heavy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PsychonautWiki | 250 mg PW | 500–1200 mg PW | 1200–1800 mg PW | 1800–2400 mg PW | 2400 mg+ PW |
| TripSit | – | – | 1200–2400 mg TS | – | – |
Note: This is for the course over a 24 hour period. 2-3x times daily, such as 400mg-800mg/3x day. TS
TripSit dose text
TripSit's factsheet also states its doses as text.
Common: 1200-2400mg TS
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Duration
| Route · source | Onset | Come-up | Peak | Offset | Total | After-effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral · PsychonautWiki | 30–90 minutes PW | – | – | – | 8–10 hours PW | – |
TripSit factsheet
Mixing
Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.
Backed by medical journals
Risks and toxicity
Several studies suggest that this substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time although it is worth noting that the exact toxic dosage is unknown. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried oxiracetam within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).[4]
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug. PW
Lethal dosage
The median lethal dosage (LD₅₀) of oxiracetam has not been officially published as it has low abuse potential, but is not known to be harmful in it's recommended dosage range. PW
Tolerance and addiction potential
The chronic use of oxiracetam can be considered as non-addictive with a low potential for abuse. It does not seem to be capable of causing psychological dependence among users, although this fact has not been corroborated by clinical studies. Tolerance to many of the effects of oxiracetam develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Oxiracetam may presents cross-tolerance with all racetam nootropics, meaning that after the consumption of oxiracetam certain nootropics such as aniracetam and piracetam may have a reduced effect. PW
Testing
Effects
Overview
Oxiracetam (ISF 2522) is a mild central nervous system stimulant and nootropic agent belonging to the racetam family of drugs. Although it is one of the first known and synthesized derivatives of piracetam, its research and efficacy in humans is limited.[1]
Oxiracetam is a racetam nootropic, having a hydroxyl group being the only difference between this and Piracetam. It used as a nootropic, namely for increased cognitive function. It is usually used two to three times a day. This substance is normally taken with Choline, can cause headaches without the addition of Choline. TS
Oxiracetam (developmental code name ISF 2522) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family and a very mild stimulant. Several studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time. However, the mechanism of action of the racetam drug family is still a matter of research. Oxiracetam is not approved by Food and Drug Administration for any medical use in the United States.[1]
History
Legal status
- Oxiracetam, being a member of the racetam family, currently is legally available to buy and sell in most countries, but may still vary by region. PW
- United Kingdom - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[9] PW
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Oxiracetam is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a bioavailability of 56-82%. Peak serum levels are reached within one to three hours after a single 800 mg or 2000 mg oral dose, with the maximal serum concentration reaching between 19 and 31 μg/ml at these doses.[10] WP
Oxiracetam is mainly cleared renally and approximately 84% is excreted unchanged in the urine. The half-life of oxiracetam in healthy individuals is about 8 hours, whereas it is 10–68 hours in patients with renal impairment. There is some penetration of the blood–brain barrier with brain concentrations reaching 5.3% of those in the blood (measured one hour after a single 2000 mg intravenous dose).[10] WP
Clearance rates range from 9 to 95 ml/min and steady-state concentrations when 800 mg is given twice daily range from 60 μM to 530 μM. WP
The highest brain concentrations of oxiracetam are found in the septum pellucidum, followed by the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex and with the lowest concentrations in the striatum after a 200 mg/kg oral dose given to rats. Oxiracetam may be quantitated in plasma, serum or urine by liquid chromatography with one of several different detection techniques.[10]
The major metabolites of Oxiracetam include: beta-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone, N-aminoacetyl-GABOB, GABOB (beta-hydroxy-GABA) and glycine. Thus its metabolic route is exactly parallel to that of piracetam, aniracetam, phenylpiracetam, and all other members of the -racetam family, and also pyroglutamic acid. WP⚠ Wikipedia itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
Chemistry
User reports
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References
- Journal / agency Malykh, A. G., Sadaie, M. R. Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders. Drugs. 12 February 2010. doi:10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000
- Journal / agency Valzelli, L., Baiguerra, G., Giraud, O. Difference in learning and retention by Albino Swiss mice. Part III. Effect of some brain stimulants. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. June 1986
- Journal / agency Valzelli L, Baiguerra G, Giraud O. Difference in learning and retention by Albino Swiss mice. Part III. Effect of some brain stimulants. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. June 1986. PMID 3736279
- Journal / agency Parnetti L, Mecocci P, Petrini A, Longo A, Buccolieri A, Senin U. Neuropsychological results of long-term therapy with oxiracetam in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia in comparison with a control group. Neuropsychobiology. 1989. doi:10.1159/000118599 · PMID 2518332
- Journal / agency Itil TM, Menon GN, Songar A, Itil KZ. CNS pharmacology and clinical therapeutic effects of oxiracetam. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1986. doi:10.1097/00002826-198609003-00011 · PMID 3594458
- Journal / agency Perucca E, Parini J, Albrici A, Visconti M, Ferrero E. Oxiracetam pharmacokinetics following single and multiple dose administration in the elderly. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 1987. doi:10.1007/bf03189889 · PMID 3691580
- Journal / agency Itil, T. M., Menon, G. N., Songar, A., Itil, K. Z. CNS pharmacology and clinical therapeutic effects of oxiracetam. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1986
- Journal / agency Perucca, E., Parini, J., Albrici, A., Visconti, M., Ferrero, E. Oxiracetam pharmacokinetics following single and multiple dose administration in the elderly. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. June 1987. doi:10.1007/BF03189889
- Other Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
- Journal / agency Gouliaev AH, Senning A. Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. May 1994. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6 · PMID 8061686
- Other Baselt R. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 2014
Text and values on this page are quoted from PsychonautWiki (CC BY-SA 4.0), Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0), TripSit factsheets, PubChem (public domain). Each value links to the exact revision it came from.