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Opioid · Stimulant

Kratom

Also called Mitragyna Speciosa, กระท่อม (Thai), Ketum, Kratum

Original Wikipedia articleNot linked yet. It gets linked once the exact article is confirmed.
Common dose · Oral3–5 g PW
Onset20–40 minutes PW
Total3–7 hours PW

Dosage

When sources disagree, both rows are shown as published. Nothing is averaged or merged.

Oral

SourceThresholdLightCommonStrongHeavy
PsychonautWiki1 g PW2–3 g PW3–5 g PW5–8 g PW8 g+ PW
TripSit–0.5–1.5 g TS1.5–3 g TS3–6 g TS–

Note: This is for plain leaf only. Some users experience stronger effects from lower doses compared to higher doses. It also is very different person to person, just use this as an outline, as it will change batch to batch and even dose to dose. TS

TripSit dose text

TripSit's factsheet also states its doses as text.

Light: 0.5-1.5g Common: 1.5-3g Strong: 3-6g | Note: This is for plain leaf only. Some users experience stronger effects from lower doses compared to higher doses. It also is very different person to person, just use this as an outline, as it will change batch to batch and even dose to dose. TS

What dose are you on? (self-reported, unverified)
Read this first. These numbers come from anonymous visitors typing in a box. Nobody checks them. People misjudge, mistype, troll, or take untested products of unknown strength. They are not a dose guide and never override the sourced table above. They exist only so the sourced ranges can be compared with what people say they take. If you are deciding what to take, use the sourced table, start low, and read the risks section.
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Duration

Route · sourceOnsetCome-upPeakOffsetTotalAfter-effects
Oral · PsychonautWiki20–40 minutes PW–1–3 hours PW2–4 hours PW3–7 hours PW–

TripSit factsheet

Onset
10-40 minutes TS
Duration
2-5 hours TS
Aftereffects
1-12 hours TS

Mixing

For best safety practice, don't mix this drug with other depressants.

Why: respiratory depression. PsychonautWiki says:

For best safety practice, don't mix this drug with other stimulants.

Why: vasoconstriction, heart rate and blood pressure. PsychonautWiki says:

Quotes from PsychonautWiki, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.

Backed by medical journals

Awaiting sourcePeer-reviewed reports on acute combinations, from PubMed and the journals the harm reduction sites cite.

PsychonautWiki also lists dangerous combinations shared across a whole group (opioids) in a table this page does not copy. Read that list on PsychonautWiki.

TripSit combination chart

TripSit rates each pairing. Only pairings with a number carry a citation from TripSit. See the whole chart; TripSit's own notes are on combo.tripsit.me.

Dangerous

alcohol TScocaine TSdextromethorphan TSketamine TSmxe TStramadol TS

Caution

nitrous TSpcp TS

Low Risk & Synergy

cannabis TS

Low Risk & No Synergy

amt TScaffeine TSdmt TSlsd TSmdma TSmescaline TSmushrooms TS

Risks and toxicity

Kratom has a low toxicity relative to dose. Like most opioids, safe usage of kratom is not known to cause any dangerous long-term complications. Heavy dosages of kratom can result in increased respiratory depression, leading onto fatal or dangerous levels of anoxia (oxygen deprivation). This is significantly less powerful than the respiratory depression of heroin or morphine. This occurs because the breathing reflex is suppressed by agonism of µ-opioid receptors proportional to the dosage consumed. PW

It is likely impossible to achieve this using kratom in its standard leaf form as the nausea ceiling makes it difficult to consume high enough dosages without vomiting. A pure extract or tincture, however, may be potent enough to cause lethal respiratory depression at appropriate dosages, although oral administration of pure mitragynine to mice in dosages up to 920 mg/kg did not produce lethal respiratory depression. However, kratom can be fatal when it is combined with other depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines.[4] PW

Side effects associated with chronic kratom use include loss of appetite and weight loss, constipation, decreased libido, apathy, and darkening of the skin color of the face. Chronic use has been associated with bowel obstruction.[5][6] PW

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. PW

Lethal dosage

The lethal dosage of kratom is unknown but thought to be far above the active dosage. The precise dosage likely depends on a variety of factors including strain, potency, tolerance and method of consumption. It is unlikely that one could ingest a lethal dosage of kratom powder as the nausea will force one to vomit at around 8 - 9 grams; however, it could be possible to ingest a lethal dosage of a kratom if purer forms such as a resin or pure alkaloids are used. PW

Three case reports document deaths involving kratom. Other drugs were used in all cases, and in one, kratom was speculated to possibly be the primary cause of death. O-Desmethyltramadol (ODSMT) was present in the latter case, and has been found to be a frequent additive in certain commercial brands of kratom, there were nine cases of death reported in Sweden in 2010 and 2011 relating to use of Krypton, which was kratom mixed with O-Desmethyltramadol.[7–10] PW

Dependence and abuse potential

As with other opioids, the kratom produces dependence with chronic use and has a high abuse potential. When dependence has developed, cravings and withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.[10] PW

Tolerance to many of the effects of kratom develops with prolonged and repeated use. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Kratom presents cross-tolerance with all other opioids, meaning that after the consumption of kratom all opioids will have a reduced effect. PW

Chronic kratom use may lead to tolerance to the effects of serotonergic psychedelics due to kratom's antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor and said receptor's paradoxical down-regulation in response to inhibitors.[11][12] PW

Since kratom is classified as an herbal supplement and remains legal in many states, a subset of individuals mistakenly assume that it can be used regularly and eventually discontinued without any withdrawal symptoms. In reality, most individuals who use kratom on a regular basis will experience some withdrawal symptoms following cessation.[13] PW

Testing

Detection
Kratom use is not detected by typical drug screening tests, but its metabolites can be detected by more specialized testing. TS
Awaiting sourceReagent reactions and test kit guidance from a harm reduction testing service.

Effects

Simultaneous stimulation & sedationFeelings of empathyFeelings of euphoriaAphrodisiac qualities for some peopleVivid waking dreamsUseful with physical labor TS

Overview

Mitragyna speciosa (also known as kratom) is a tropical tree of the coffee family indigenous to South East Asia. The leaves of M. speciosa contain various psychoactive alkaloids that produce mild stimulant and opioid effects. The pharmacology of kratom is complex, although it produces its major effects through action at opioid receptors in the brain.[1] PW

A drug made out of the leaves of Mitragyna Speciosa, which is related to coffee. Stimulating at lower doses, with opioid effects at higher doses. Frequent heavy use can cause physical addiction and withdrawals.[2][3] TS

In a 2023–24 US online survey, everyone who said they had ever used akuamma seed had also tried kratom. PubMed

History

Awaiting sourceHistory and culture from Wikipedia or PsychonautWiki, with their citations.

Pharmacology

Awaiting sourcePharmacology from Wikipedia and the journal papers it cites.

Chemistry

Awaiting sourceFormula, structure and identifiers from PubChem.

User reports

Erowid erowid.org

Listings

Erowid Experience Vault listing

Link as published on TripSit's factsheet.

Top stories
Awaiting sourceShort summaries of the most-read reports, each linked, saying only what the report says.

Bluelight bluelight.org

Listings
Awaiting sourceTrip report threads and this substance's discussion forum.
Top stories
Awaiting sourceShort summaries of the most-read reports, each linked, saying only what the report says.

Reddit reddit.com

Listings
Awaiting sourceTrip report posts and the relevant subreddits.
Top stories
Awaiting sourceShort summaries of the most-read reports, each linked, saying only what the report says.

Pop culture

No references added yet.

Add a reference

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References

  1. Journal / agency Kruegel, A. C., Grundmann, O. The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology. May 2018. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026
  2. Journal / agency Seizure and coma following Kratom (Mitragynina speciosa Korth) exposure
  3. Journal / agency A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine
  4. Other Raffa, R. B. Kratom and Other Mitragynines: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium Source. 29 October 2014
  5. Journal / agency Adkins, J. E., Boyer, E. W., McCurdy, C. R. Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2011. doi:10.2174/156802611795371305
  6. Journal / agency Hassan, Z., Muzaimi, M., Navaratnam, V., Yusoff, N. H. M., Suhaimi, F. W., Vadivelu, R., Vicknasingam, B. K., Amato, D., Hörsten, S. von, Ismail, N. I. W., Jayabalan, N., Hazim, A. I., Mansor, S. M., Müller, C. P. From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. February 2013. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012
  7. Journal / agency Neerman, M. F., Frost, R. E., Deking, J. A drug fatality involving Kratom. Journal of Forensic Sciences. January 2013. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12009
  8. Journal / agency Holler, J. M., Vorce, S. P., McDonough-Bender, P. C., Magluilo, J., Solomon, C. J., Levine, B. A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. January 2011. doi:10.1093/anatox/35.1.54
  9. Journal / agency Kronstrand, R., Roman, M., Thelander, G., Eriksson, A. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. May 2011. doi:10.1093/anatox/35.4.242
  10. Journal / agency Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM. Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2012. doi:10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2 · PMID 22271566 · PMC3550220
  11. Journal / agency Warner, M. L., Kaufman, N. C., Grundmann, O. The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse. International Journal of Legal Medicine. January 2016. doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y
  12. Journal / agency Van Oekelen, D., Luyten, W. H. M. L., Leysen, J. E. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and their atypical regulation properties. Life Sciences. April 2003. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00141-3
  13. Other Kratom Withdrawal Symptoms. 2017
  14. Other List of Prohibited Substances in Australia. 2022
  15. Other After U.S. delayed decision on kratom, a look at Canada’s laws on the psychadelic plant
  16. Harm reduction site http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/kratom#control
  17. Other Anlage I BtMG - Einzelnorm
  18. Other § 2 AMG - Einzelnorm
  19. Other https://openjur.de/u/866755.html
  20. Other 危険ドラッグの成分５物質及び１植物種を新たに指定薬物に指定
  21. Other Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem
  22. Other Utusan Malaysia: Pinda akta daun ketum kepada Akta Dadah Berbahaya
  23. Other Medicines Regulations 1984 (SR 1984/143) (as at 01 July 2022) Schedule 1 Prescription, restricted, and pharmacy-only medicines – New Zealand Legislation
  24. Other Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien
  25. Other Kratom in Thailand: Decriminalization and Community Control?
  26. Other Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü
  27. Other https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf
  28. Other Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
  29. Other Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine into Schedule I (Drug Enforcement Agency)
  30. Other Withdrawal of Notice of Intent to Temporarily Place Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Into Schedule I. 2016
  31. Other Indiana HB1196, 2012, Regular Session
  32. Other Koninkrijksrelaties, M. van B. Z. en. Opiumwet

Text and values on this page are quoted from PsychonautWiki (CC BY-SA 4.0), TripSit factsheets. Each value links to the exact revision it came from.