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Drug class · Topic

Eugeroics

Original Wikipedia articleen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeroic revision used (24 October 2026)

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Overview

Eugeroics (originally, "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"), also known as wakefulness-promoting agents and wakefulness-promoting drugs, are a class of psychoactive substances that promote wakefulness and alertness. The best-known member of this class is modafinil. PW

A eugeroic, or eugregoric, is a type of drug that increases wakefulness. The term has been used inconsistently and in multiple ways in the scientific literature, either to refer specifically to modafinil-type wakefulness-promoting agents or to refer to wakefulness-promoting agents generally. It was first introduced in the French literature in 1987 as a descriptor for modafinil-like wakefulness-promoting drugs and for purposes of distinguishing such drugs from psychostimulants. However, the term "eugeroic" has not been widely adopted in the literature, and instead the term "wakefulness-promoting agent" (and variations thereof) has been more widely used, both for modafinil-type drugs and other agents.[1–10] WP

Eugeroics, in the sense of modafinil-type wakefulness promoting agents, include modafinil itself, armodafinil, and adrafinil, among others. They are medically indicated for the treatment of certain sleep disorders, including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Eugeroics are also often prescribed off-label for the treatment of EDS in idiopathic hypersomnia. In contrast to classical psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, which are also used in the treatment of these disorders, eugeroics typically do not produce euphoria, and, consequently, have lower misuse potential.[3][4][9][11][12] WP

Modafinil and armodafinil are thought to act as selective, weak, atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs). However, additional actions are also possible and have not been ruled out. Adrafinil acts as a prodrug of modafinil and hence shares its mechanism of action. Certain other drugs acting as atypical DRIs with known or potential wakefulness-promoting effects include solriamfetol (also a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), vanoxerine, phenylpiracetam, and mesocarb. Other wakefulness-promoting agents act in a variety of other ways.[1][3][4][10][13–24] WP

Drugs in this class on intoxicant.wiki

Every page on this site that a cited source puts in this class: 4 pages. A drug is listed when PsychonautWiki's "Eugeroics" page, revision 150518 lists it, or when its own PsychonautWiki, TripSit or Wikipedia entry names this class. Each name opens our page for that drug; long chemical names are shown by a shorter name the drug is also known by (hover for the full name).

Tags show who puts each drug in this class (hover for the exact wording): PW list = listed on PsychonautWiki's page for this class; PW = the drug's PsychonautWiki entry; TS = the drug's TripSit entry (drug category); WP = the drug infobox of the drug's Wikipedia article. These are classifications only, not dosage guidance.

References

  1. Journal / agency Konofal E. From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. August 2024. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804 · PMID 38852786
  2. Journal / agency Milgram, Norton W.; Callahan, Heather; Siwak, Christina. Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent. CNS Drug Reviews. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x
  3. Journal / agency Provigil: Prescribing information. January 2015
  4. Journal / agency Nuvigil: Prescribing information. April 2015
  5. Journal / agency Urban AE, Cubała WJ. The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders. Psychiatr Pol. February 2020. doi:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/90687 · PMID 32447354
  6. Journal / agency Castillo PR. Clinical Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness. Continuum (Minneap Minn). August 2023. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000001260 · PMID 37590820
  7. Journal / agency Lagarde D, Batejat D. Some measures to reduce effects of prolonged sleep deprivation. Neurophysiol Clin. 1995. doi:10.1016/0987-7053(96)84911-2 · PMID 8904200
  8. Journal / agency Boutrel B, Koob GF. What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications. Sleep. September 2004. doi:10.1093/sleep/27.6.1181 · PMID 15532213
  9. Journal / agency Dell'Osso B, Dobrea C, Cremaschi L, Arici C, Altamura AC. Wake-promoting pharmacotherapy for psychiatric disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. December 2014. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0524-2 · PMID 25312027
  10. Journal / agency Zhan S, Ye H, Li N, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Hu S, Hou Y. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Wake-Promoting Agents for the Treatment of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Narcolepsy: A Network Meta-Analysis. Nat Sci Sleep. 2023. doi:10.2147/NSS.S404113 · PMID 37082610 · PMC10112483
  11. Other Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin. September 2007
  12. Journal / agency Taneja, Indu; Haman, Kirsten; Shelton, Richard C.; Robertson, David. A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of modafinil on mood. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. February 2007. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31802eb7ea · PMID 17224718
  13. Journal / agency Hersey M, Tanda G. Pharmacological Advances in Central Nervous System Stimulants. 2024. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.006 · PMID 38467484 · PMC12004278
  14. Journal / agency Ngo Q, Plante DT. An Update on the Misuse and Abuse Potential of Pharmacological Treatments for Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence. Current Sleep Medicine Reports. 19 September 2022. doi:10.1007/s40675-022-00227-4
  15. Journal / agency Yang J, Gao J. Solriamfetol for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. August 2019. doi:10.1080/17512433.2019.1632705 · PMID 31215815
  16. Journal / agency Nishino, Seiji; Kotorii, Nozomu. Narcolepsy. 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_22
  17. Journal / agency Salamone JD, Correa M. The Neurobiology of Activational Aspects of Motivation: Exertion of Effort, Effort-Based Decision Making, and the Role of Dopamine. Annu Rev Psychol. January 2024. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020223-012208 · PMID 37788571
  18. Journal / agency Veinberg G, Vavers E, Orlova N, Kuznecovs J, Domracheva I, Vorona M, Zvejniece L, Dambrova M. Stereochemistry of phenylpiracetam and its methyl derivative: improvement of the pharmacological profile. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. 2015. doi:10.1007/s10593-015-1747-9
  19. Journal / agency Sommer S, Danysz W, Russ H, Valastro B, Flik G, Hauber W. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor MRZ-9547 increases progressive ratio responding in rats. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. December 2014. doi:10.1017/S1461145714000996 · PMID 24964269
  20. Journal / agency Nepal B, Das S, Reith ME, Kortagere S. Overview of the structure and function of the dopamine transporter and its protein interactions. Front Physiol. 2023. doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1150355 · PMID 36935752 · PMC10020207
  21. Journal / agency Nguyen H, Cheng MH, Lee JY, Aggarwal S, Mortensen OV, Bahar I. Allosteric modulation of serotonin and dopamine transporters: New insights from computations and experiments. Curr Res Physiol. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100125 · PMID 38836245 · PMC11148570
  22. Journal / agency Aggarwal S, Cheng MH, Salvino JM, Bahar I, Mortensen OV. Functional Characterization of the Dopaminergic Psychostimulant Sydnocarb as an Allosteric Modulator of the Human Dopamine Transporter. Biomedicines. June 2021. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9060634 · PMID 34199621 · PMC8227285
  23. Journal / agency Macolino-Kane, Christine M.; Ciallella, John R.; Lipinski, Christopher A.; Reaume, Andrew G. Drug Repositioning. 14 July 2017. doi:10.4324/9781315373669-7
  24. Journal / agency Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK. Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Sleep Med. April 2020. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001 · PMID 32032921

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