Typhoid vaccine

Overview

Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). Depending on the type, typhoid vaccines are estimated to be about 50% to 85% effective. The Vi-rEPA vaccine is efficacious in children.[1–6] WP

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common. Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk. Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease. Depending on the vaccine, additional doses are recommended every three to seven years. In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travelers to areas of the world where the disease is common.[1][7] WP

The vaccines available as of 2018 are very safe. Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection. The injectable vaccine is safe in people with HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present. While it has not been studied during pregnancy, the non-live vaccines are believed to be safe while the live vaccine is not recommended.[1] WP

The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle. Due to side-effects newer formulations are recommended as of 2018. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[1][8][9] WP

Uses, dosage and effects

Medical uses

Ty21a, the Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, and Vi-rEPA are effective in reducing typhoid fever with low rates of adverse effects. Newer vaccines such as Vi-TT (PedaTyph) are awaiting field trials to demonstrate efficacy against natural exposure.[5] WP⚠ Wikipedia itself has flagged this text: when?.

The oral Ty21a vaccine prevents around one-half of typhoid cases in the first three years after vaccination. The injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevented about two-thirds of typhoid cases in the first year and had a cumulative efficacy of 55% by the third year. The efficacy of these vaccines has only been demonstrated in children older than two years. Vi-rEPA vaccine, a new conjugate form of the injectable Vi vaccine, may be more effective and prevents the disease in many children under the age of five years. In a trial in 2-to-5-year-old children in Vietnam, the vaccine had more than 90 percent efficacy in the first year and protection lasted at least four years.[5][10][11] WP

Schedule

Depending on the formulation it can be given starting at the age of two (ViPS), six (Ty21a), or six months (TCV).[1] WP

Chemistry

Harm reduction information

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Sources

1. Journal / agency World Health Organization. Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2018
2. Journal / agency Summary of the WHO Position Paper on Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018. October 23, 2019
3. Journal / agency World Health Organization. Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018 - Recommendations. Vaccine. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.022 · PMID 29661581
4. Journal / agency Camp RO, Shorman M. StatPearls. 2025. PMID 29262003
5. Journal / agency Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A. Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018-05-31. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4 · PMID 29851031 · PMC6494485
6. Journal / agency Mahon BE, Newton AE, Mintz ED. Effectiveness of typhoid vaccination in US travelers. Vaccine. 2014-06-17. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.055 · PMID 24837780 · PMC4604742
7. Journal / agency Typhoid Vaccine Information Statement. October 2019
8. Other Flower DR. Bioinformatics for Vaccinology. 2008
9. Journal / agency World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list. 2025. doi:10.2471/B09474
10. Journal / agency Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC, Kossaczka Z, Bryla DA, Shiloach J, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC. The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. The New England Journal of Medicine. April 2001. doi:10.1056/nejm200104263441701 · PMID 11320385
11. Journal / agency Szu SC. Development of Vi conjugate - a new generation of typhoid vaccine. Expert Review of Vaccines. November 2013. doi:10.1586/14760584.2013.845529 · PMID 24156285

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