Pentedrone
Also called Drone
Dosage
Oral bands as drawn from PsychonautWiki's ranges below. The table is the source of truth.
When sources disagree, both rows are shown as published. Nothing is averaged or merged.
Oral
| Source | Threshold | Light | Common | Strong | Heavy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PsychonautWiki | 2 mg PW | 5–10 mg PW | 10–15 mg PW | 15–25 mg PW | 25 mg+ PW |
| TripSit | – | 5–10 mg TS | 10–15 mg TS | 15–25 mg TS | – |
Insufflated
| Source | Threshold | Light | Common | Strong | Heavy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PsychonautWiki | 1 mg PW | 2–5 mg PW | 5–10 mg PW | 10–20 mg PW | 20 mg+ PW |
| TripSit | – | 2–5 mg TS | 5–10 mg TS | 10–20 mg TS | – |
Rectal
TripSit dose text
TripSit's factsheet also states its doses as text.
Oral Light: 5-10mg Common: 10-15mg Strong: 15-25mg | Insufflated Light: 2-5mg Common: 5-10mg Strong: 10-20mg | Rectal Light: 2-5mg Common: 5-10mg strong: 10-20mg. TS
What dose are you on? (self-reported, unverified)
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Duration
Oral, drawn at the midpoint of each PsychonautWiki range.
| Route · source | Onset | Come-up | Peak | Offset | Total | After-effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral · PsychonautWiki | 15–30 minutes PW | – | 1–2 hours PW | 1–2 hours PW | 2–6 hours PW | 1–10 hours PW |
| Insufflated · PsychonautWiki | 5–10 minutes PW | – | 30–90 minutes PW | 30–90 minutes PW | 1–4 hours PW | 1–8 hours PW |
TripSit factsheet
Mixing
For best safety practice, don't mix this drug with other stimulants.
Why: vasoconstriction, heart rate and blood pressure. PsychonautWiki says:
- “... may be dangerous to combine with other stimulants ... as they can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels.” (PsychonautWiki, dangerous interactions table, "Stimulants" row, revision 148925)
- “Vasoconstriction can be described as a narrowing of the veins and blood vessels which results from a contraction of their muscular wall.” (PsychonautWiki, Vasoconstriction, revision 170337)
- “... it can also occur under the influence of traditional stimulants such as methamphetamine, caffeine, and MDMA.” (PsychonautWiki, Vasoconstriction, revision 170337)
- “Increased blood pressure is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of vasoconstricting compounds, such as traditional stimulants and stimulating psychedelics.” (PsychonautWiki, Increased blood pressure, revision 152273)
Quotes from PsychonautWiki, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.
Backed by medical journals
Other documented combinations
- Stimulants - Pentedrone can be potentially dangerous in combination with other stimulants as it can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.
- MDMA - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA are generally believed to be increased when combined with amphetamine and other stimulants. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.
- Cocaine - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.
PsychonautWiki also lists dangerous combinations shared across a whole group (MAOIs, stimulants) in a table this page does not copy. Read that list on PsychonautWiki.
Risks and toxicity
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational pentedrone use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because pentedrone has a very short history of human usage. Early anecdotal evidence from people who have tried pentedrone within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it in a sparing and controlled fashion (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). PW
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. PW
Tolerance and addiction potential
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of pentedrone can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and seems to be readily liable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. PW
Tolerance to many of the effects of pentedrone develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the total absence of further consumption). Pentedrone presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of pentedrone all stimulants will have a reduced effect. PW
Psychosis
Abuse of compounds within the stimulant class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, or delusions). A review on treatment for (dextro)amphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely. The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.[9]
TripSit factsheet
- Avoid
- All other stimulants. TS
Testing
Effects
Overview
Pentedrone (also known as drone) is a lesser-known novel stimulant substance of the cathinone class. Pentedrone belongs to a group of compounds known as substituted cathinones. Pentedrone acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).[1] PW
A potent NDRI cathinone-type stimulant with more-ish effects but not thought to be especially enjoyable. TS
Pentedrone (also known as α-methylaminovalerophenone) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that has been sold as a designer drug and has been found since 2010 as an ingredient in a number of "bath salt" mixes sold as legal highs.[2–8] WP
History
Legal status
- Brazil: Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[11] PW
- China: As of October 2015, pentedrone is a controlled substance in China.[12] PW
- Czech Republic: Pentedrone is banned in the Czech Republic.[13] PW
- Germany: Pentedrone is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule II) as of July 17, 2013. It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[14]
[15] [16] PW - Switzerland: Pentedrone is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.[17] PW
- Turkey: Pentedrone is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[18] PW
- The Netherlands: Pentedrone is currently legal, but it is part of a substance group that may be banned soon as part of a recently passed law on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS).[19] PW
- United Kingdom: Pentedrone is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the cathinone catch-all clause.[20] PW
- United States: On January 28, 2014, the DEA listed it, along with 9 other synthetic cathinones, on the Schedule 1 with a temporary ban, effective February 27, 2014.[21] PW
Legal status
On January 28, 2014, the DEA listed it, along with nine other synthetic cathinones, on the Schedule 1 with a temporary ban, effective February 27, 2014.[21] WP
Pentedrone is an Anlage II controlled drug in Germany. WP
As of October 2015 Pentedrone is a controlled substance in China.[12] WP
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pentedrone acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) without inducing monoamine release, a similar mechanism of action to methylphenidate. Its IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values for inhibition of monoamine reuptake have been reported to be 610 nM for norepinephrine, 2,500 μM for dopamine, and 135,000 μM for serotonin. In rodents, pentedrone has been found to produce conditioned place preference (CPP), to be self-administered, and to dose-dependently stimulate locomotor activity. Hence, pentedrone shows psychostimulant-like and reinforcing effects in animals.[1]
Detection
A forensic standard of pentedrone is available, and the compound has been posted on the Forendex website of potential drugs of abuse.[24] WP
Chemistry
- Formula
- C12H18ClNO PC
- Formula (Wikipedia infobox)
- C12H17NO WP⚠ Wikipedia and PubChem give different formulas. Both are shown as each source has it.
- CAS number
- 879669-95-1 PC
- Molar mass (g/mol)
- 227.73 PC
- IUPAC name (computed by PubChem)
- 2-
(methylamino) PC- 1- phenylpentan- 1- one;hydrochloride - SMILES
- CCCC(C(=O)
C1=CC=CC=C1) PCNC.Cl - InChIKey
- MACVVBRQAPNUKT-
UHFFFAOYSA- PCN - PubChem CID
- 71750191
User reports
Erowid erowid.org
ListingsErowid Experience Vault listing
Link as published on TripSit's factsheet.
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References
- Journal / agency Simmler, L. D., Rickli, A., Hoener, M. C., Liechti, M. E. Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of a new series of designer cathinones. Neuropharmacology. April 2014. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.008
- Harm reduction site EMCDDA Annual Report 2010
- Other Research on Head Shop drugs in Dublin: Part 2
- Other An overview of new psychoactive substances and the outlets supplying them
- Journal / agency Westphal F, Junge T, Girreser U, Greibl W, Doering C. Mass, NMR and IR spectroscopic characterization of pentedrone and pentylone and identification of their isocathinone by-products. Forensic Science International. April 2012. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.045 · PMID 22115724
- Journal / agency Maheux CR, Copeland CR. Chemical analysis of two new designer drugs: buphedrone and pentedrone. Drug Testing and Analysis. January 2012. doi:10.1002/dta.385 · PMID 22113925
- Journal / agency Poklis JL, Wolf CE, ElJordi OI, Liu K, Zhang S, Poklis A. Analysis of the first- and second-generation Raving Dragon Novelty Bath Salts containing methylone and pentedrone. Journal of Forensic Sciences. January 2015. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12629 · PMID 25470207
- Journal / agency Zancajo VM, Brito J, Carrasco MP, Bronze MR, Moreira R, Lopes A. Analytical profiles of "legal highs" containing cathinones available in the area of Lisbon, Portugal. Forensic Science International. November 2014. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.010 · PMID 25240621
- Journal / agency Shoptaw, S. J., Kao, U., Ling, W. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 21 January 2009. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3
- Other Hofmann, F. G. A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects. 1983
- Other http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7
- Journal / agency 关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知. 27 September 2015
- Other Látky, o které byl doplněn seznam č. 4 psychotropních látek (příloha č. 4 k nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.)
- Other Anlage II BtMG
- Other Siebenundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften
- Other § 29 BtMG
- Other Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien
- Other Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı Karar Sayısı: 2013/4827
- Other Wijziging van de Opiumwet in verband met het toevoegen van een derde lijst met als doel het tegengaan van de productie van en de handel in nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen en enkele andere wijzigingen (Dutch). 2024
- Other The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010
- Other Temporary Placement of 10 Synthetic Cathinones into Schedule I. 28 January 2014
- Other Zoznam omamných látok a psychotropných látok zaradených do I., II. A III. skupiny (ochrana pred omamnými látkami) | Lewik
- Journal / agency Hwang JY, Kim JS, Oh JH, Hong SI, Ma SX, Jung YH, Ko YH, Lee SY, Kim HC, Jang CG. The new stimulant designer compound pentedrone exhibits rewarding properties and affects dopaminergic activity. Addiction Biology. January 2017. doi:10.1111/adb.12299 · PMID 26290055
- Other Pentedrone
Text and values on this page are quoted from PsychonautWiki (CC BY-SA 4.0), Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0), TripSit factsheets, PubChem (public domain). Each value links to the exact revision it came from.