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Alkaloid

Akuammidine

One of the alkaloids in akuamma (Picralima nitida) seeds. There are no human studies of it on its own.

Overview

Akuammidine is one of the akuamma alkaloids, a group of indole alkaloids in the seeds of Picralima nitida. [1]

How it acts

A 1998 study found akuammidine preferred mu opioid binding sites, with Ki values of 0.6, 2.4 and 8.6 μM at mu, delta and kappa sites. Its agonist effect in mouse vas deferens was blocked by naloxone and by the mu-selective antagonist CTOP, confirming action at mu opioid receptors. [2]

A 2021 study found it acted at the mu opioid receptor in a cAMP test (IC50 3.14 μM) and had the lowest kappa receptor affinity of the alkaloids tested. [1]

A 2023 paper describes akuammine, pseudo-akuammigine and akuammidine as weak mu opioid receptor agonists with potencies of 2.6 to 5.2 μM. [3]

Animal studies

Animal and lab results

These are animal or lab results. Animal doses are not human doses.

Injected under the skin in mice at 3 to 30 mg/kg, akuammidine gave minimal but statistically significant pain relief at some time points, with no dose-dependent increase seen reproducibly. By mouth, no pain relief was measurable. [1]

On harm reduction sites

PsychonautWiki lists akuammidine, with Picralima nitida (Akuamma) as its source, on its “Naturally occurring sources” page. [4]

Dosage

Awaiting sourceNo human dose for Akuammidine from a harm reduction site or a journal. Animal doses on this page are not human doses.

References

  1. Journal / agency Creed SM, Gutridge AM, Argade MD, Hennessy MR, Friesen JB, Pauli GF, van Rijn RM, Riley AP. Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Six Opioidergic Picralima nitida Alkaloids. Journal of Natural Products. 2021. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01036 · PMID 33326237 Copyrighted, not open licence: restated in our words, not quoted. Lab and mouse studies.
  2. Journal / agency Menzies JR, Paterson SJ, Duwiejua M, Corbett AD. Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynaceae). European Journal of Pharmacology. 1998. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5 · PMID 9683021 Copyrighted, not open licence: restated in our words, not quoted. Lab (isolated tissue and binding) study.
  3. Journal / agency Hennessy MR, Gutridge AM, French AR, Rhoda ES, Meqbil YJ, Gill M, Kashyap Y, Appourchaux K, Paul B, Wang ZJ, van Rijn RM, Riley AP. Modified Akuamma Alkaloids with Increased Potency at the Mu-opioid Receptor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2023. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01707 · PMID 36827198 Copyrighted, not open licence: restated in our words, not quoted. Lab and mouse studies.
  4. Harm reduction site PsychonautWiki contributors. Naturally occurring sources. PsychonautWiki. revision 170376, read 2026-10-31. https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?oldid=170376 CC BY-SA 4.0. Lists the alkaloid by name only.

Read 31 October 2026. No harm reduction site has a full akuammidine article.